First Published in 1999. This volume is a product of the research programme of the International Institute for Asian Studies, Leiden, entitled International Social Organization in East and Southeast Asia: Qiaoxiang Ties during the Twentieth Century. The programme will run from 1996-2000 (for a fuller description, please see the Appendix chapter). The book was prepared during a workshop at the International Convention of Asian Scholars, 25-8 June 1997, Noordwijkerhout, the Netherlands.