This study makes an original contribution to our understanding of the connection between Paul's language of "adoption" (huiothesia) and his concept of "new creation" (kaine ktisis). Although there has been much research on Paul's use of the adoption metaphor and of his concept of new creation, no previous study has paid close attention to the connection between them and what this relationship means for the shape of Pauline theology. For example, recent studies of ethnicity in Paul often appeal to Abrahamic sonship or divine sonship in Romans and Galatians, but the sense of new creation is virtually absent in the arguments. The present study attempts to rectify that oversight through a dialogue with the "Paul within Judaism" school of scholars.